📌 1. MEANING OF KNOWLEDGE
- Knowledge is a state of
familiarity, awareness, or understanding about someone or something.
- It includes facts, information,
descriptions, and skills acquired through experience or education.
- Sources of knowledge include:
- Perception
- Reason
- Memory
- Testimony
- Scientific inquiry
- Experience
- Practice
- Education
- The philosophical study of
knowledge is called Epistemology.
- It explores the nature, sources, limitations,
and validity of knowledge.
- Knowledge can be:
- Theoretical (conceptual)
- Practical (skill-based)
- Explicit/Implicit
- Formal/Informal
- Systematic/Particular
- It involves cognitive processes
using sensory input and mental ability.
- The theory of knowledge forms the foundation
of philosophy and scientific inquiry.
📌 2. DEFINITION OF KNOWLEDGE
- Plato’s classical definition:
“Knowledge is
justified true belief.”
- For a belief to qualify as
knowledge, it must be:
- True
- Believed
- Justified
- Knowledge is both a product (what
is known) and a process (how it is acquired).
- It involves various cognitive
activities such as:
- Perception
- Communication
- Reasoning
- Knowledge requires both rational
validation and personal belief.
✅ 3. LEVELS OF
KNOWLEDGE (Based on Bloom's Taxonomy):
The
levels of knowledge reflect the depth or degree of understanding one possesses.
According to Benjamin Bloom, cognitive knowledge is acquired in six
hierarchical levels, ranging from the simplest to the most complex mental
processes.
1. Remembering:
o Involves
recognition and recall of facts.
o Example:
Recalling mathematical formulas, historical dates.
2. Understanding:
o Comprehending the
meaning of the information.
o Example:
Explaining the causes of a historical event in your own words.
3. Applying:
o Using information
in new situations.
o Example: Applying
a science concept to solve a real-world problem.
4. Analyzing:
o Breaking
information into parts to explore relationships.
o Example:
Analyzing the arguments presented in an essay.
5. Evaluating:
o Making judgments
based on criteria.
o Example:
Evaluating the effectiveness of a teaching strategy.
6. Creating:
o Combining
elements in a novel way to form a new product or idea.
o Example: Writing
a research paper or designing an experiment.
Each
level builds upon the previous one and requires a higher order of mental
engagement.
✅ 4. TYPES OF
KNOWLEDGE:
Types
of knowledge refer to the method or condition under which knowledge is gained
or used -
(i) Priori Knowledge:
- Knowledge
that is independent of experience.
- It is innate
or derived through logical deduction.
- Example:
"All bachelors are unmarried"—a truth known through logic.
- Important in
mathematics and philosophy.
(ii) Posteriori Knowledge:
- Gained
through empirical observation or sensory experience.
- Example:
"Water boils at 100°C"—discovered through experimentation.
- Common in natural
sciences.
(iii) Explicit Knowledge:
- Clearly
expressed and recorded knowledge.
- Easily
shared through language, writing, symbols.
- Example:
Formulas in physics, procedures in textbooks.
(iv) Tacit Knowledge:
- Personal,
context-specific, and difficult to formalize.
- Example:
Riding a bicycle or managing a classroom effectively.
- Often
developed through personal experience and practice.
(v) Propositional Knowledge (Declarative):
- Knowledge
about facts or concepts.
- Expressed
through statements.
- Example:
"The Earth revolves around the Sun."
(vi) Procedural Knowledge:
- Knowing how
to do something.
- Related to
skills, strategies, and action sequences.
- Example:
Solving a math problem or cooking a recipe.
✅ 5. KINDS OF
KNOWLEDGE:
These
describe the context or origin of the knowledge:
(i) Authoritative Knowledge:
- Gained from credible
sources like experts, elders, or scriptures.
- Example:
Legal principles from the Constitution of India.
(ii) Scientific Knowledge:
- Gained
through systematic observation, experimentation, and verification.
- Example:
Newton's laws of motion.
(iii) Empirical Knowledge:
- Based on direct
experiences.
- Often
verified through experimentation.
- Example:
Learning to swim by actually swimming.
(iv) Rational Knowledge:
- Derived
through reason and logic.
- Used in
subjects like logic, mathematics.
- Example:
Understanding that 2+2=4.
(v) Pragmatic Knowledge:
- Gained
through practical utility and daily application.
- Example:
Knowing how to use Google Maps.
(vi) Domain/Expert Knowledge:
- Specialized
knowledge in a particular discipline or profession.
- Example: A
doctor’s expertise in human anatomy.
(vii) Dispersed/Distributed Knowledge:
- Scattered
knowledge held collectively in a group.
- Example: A
hospital team where nurses, doctors, and technicians contribute different
skills.
(viii) Encoded Knowledge:
- Stored in symbolic
or coded formats.
- Requires
tools or skills to decode.
- Example:
Morse code, traffic signals, musical notation.
(ix) Situated Knowledge:
- Embedded in
a specific social or cultural context.
- Hard to
understand without that context.
- Example:
Indigenous knowledge of farming or herbal medicine.
✅ 6. FORMS OF
KNOWLEDGE:
Forms
indicate how the knowledge is internalized or presented:
(i) Sensory Knowledge:
- Gained
through direct sensory perception—sight, smell, sound, taste, and touch.
- Example:
Recognizing the color red or the smell of a flower.
(ii) Experiential Knowledge:
- Gained
through direct experience or trial and error.
- Example:
Learning to ride a bike by falling and retrying.
(iii) Demonstrative Knowledge:
- Involves reasoning
or proving something through logical steps.
- Example:
Proving a geometric theorem.
(iv) Logical Knowledge:
- Knowledge
obtained through deduction and induction.
- Deductive:
General to specific (All humans are mortal → Socrates is mortal).
- Inductive:
Specific to general (Seeing many white swans → assuming all swans are
white).
(v) Intuitive Knowledge:
- Immediate
understanding without conscious thought.
- Often
emotional or instinctive.
- Example: A
teacher sensing that a student is upset.
(vi) Revealed Knowledge:
- Believed to
be received from a divine or higher power.
- Often forms
the basis of religious teachings.
- Example:
Vedas, Bible, Quran.
(vii) Digital Knowledge:
- Stored and
retrieved through digital media and electronic devices.
- Example:
Online courses, e-books, search engines.
✅ 7.
CHARACTERISTICS OF KNOWLEDGE:
1. Knowledge is like
wealth; the more one gains, the more one desires.
2. It never decays
and grows with use.
3. It extends beyond
immediate contexts and time.
4. Knowledge is
derived from information and structured with facts and values.
5. It is boundless
and meant to be shared.
6. It involves truth,
proof, and belief.
7. It can be individual
or collective, abstract or concrete.
8. It may change
with new evidence or perspectives.
✅ 8. KNOWLEDGE
DIMENSIONS (Anderson and Krathwohl):
Knowledge
has two main dimensions:
1. Knowledge
Dimension (What is learned)
2. Cognitive Process
Dimension (How it is learned or used)
8.1 Categories of Knowledge Dimension:
(i) Factual Knowledge:
- Basic
elements such as facts, definitions, and terminology.
- Example:
Knowing the capital cities of countries.
(ii) Conceptual Knowledge:
- Understanding
interrelations among facts and theories.
- Example:
Understanding democracy, supply and demand.
(iii) Procedural Knowledge:
- Knowledge
about how to do things.
- Includes
methods of inquiry, techniques, and criteria for using skills.
- Example:
Performing a science experiment or solving a math problem.
(iv) Metacognitive Knowledge:
- Awareness of
one’s own thought processes and learning strategies.
- Example:
Realizing which study techniques work best for you.
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