Approaches and Strategies for Value Development
1.
APPROACHES TO VALUE DEVELOPMENT
There are two dominant viewpoints
regarding how values should be imparted to students:
🎓 Formalist View
· Emphasizes that values must be explicitly
taught through formal curriculum, textbooks, and planned lessons.
📝
Example: Schools design special moral science periods or include
values-based content in subjects like literature and social science.
👨🏫 Behaviorist View
· Suggests that values are caught by
observing the behavior of role models like teachers, peers, and parents.
📝
Example: Students develop honesty and responsibility by watching a
teacher consistently return lost items to the rightful owner.
✅ Balanced View: "Values are both taught
and caught."
This integrated perspective combines
both methods—structured value education and modeling exemplary behavior.
Hence, value inculcation is seen as a gradual five-step process.
5 Key Stages in
Value Inculcation through school Programmes (5-Step Process)
1. Knowing
➤Creating
awareness about the value through assemblies, posters, talks, and value-based
curriculum.
📝
Example: Students learn about the value of respect during weekly
"Value of the Week" sessions.
2. Believing
➤
Helping students internalize and appreciate the value as important and
relevant.
📝
Example: Discussions and real-life stories help students believe in
compassion and empathy.
3. Judging
➤
Providing real-life or hypothetical situations where students must critically
evaluate value-based dilemmas.
📝
Example: Debating whether to help a friend who is cheating in exams —
helps students analyze right and wrong.
4. Action
➤
Encouraging students to practice the value in real-life contexts.
📝
Example: Students volunteer in community clean-up drives to show
responsibility and environmental care.
5. Spontaneous
Response
➤
When the value becomes an integral part of a student’s character, leading to natural, automatic
behavior.
📝
Example: A student helps an injured peer without waiting for
instructions — a spontaneous display of empathy.
2. BASIC
APPROACHES TO VALUE DEVELOPMENT
(Based on
Superka, Akhrens & Hedstrom)
Approaches
Include:
2.1 Value
Inculcation Approach
➤ Values are instilled through direct and
repetitive methods such as lectures, stories, music, and media.
✔️ Effective When Preceded by
experiential activities and reflective thinking.
📝
Example: Teaching kindness through animated stories, followed by class
role-plays.
Methods of Value
Inculcation
·
Cleanliness
& Orderliness
➤
Morning assemblies focus on weekly values.
➤
"Cleanliness Week" with slogan competitions and clean classroom
awards.
·
Courtesy
➤
Integrate etiquette phrases in subjects.
➤
Display polite behavior through classroom drama.
·
Dignity of
Labour
➤
Involve students in arranging classroom furniture or planting trees.
➤
Lessons on community helpers in social science.
·
Gender
Equality
➤
Role-model stories of historical female leaders.
➤
Poster-making on gender justice and equal rights.
·
Punctuality
➤
Real-life examples of famous personalities who valued time.
➤
Proverbs like "A stitch in time saves nine" displayed on boards.
·
Religious
Tolerance
➤
Celebrate multi-faith festivals.
➤
Biographies of peaceful leaders like Swami Vivekananda, Prophet Muhammad, and
Jesus Christ.
·
Sensitivity
➤
Organize empathy walks and social visits (e.g., orphanage, old age homes).
➤
Use emotional songs or skits to build compassion.
·
Scientific
Temper
➤
Encourage questioning, model exhibitions, science fairs.
➤
Organize debates: “Should superstitions be followed?”
2.2 Value
Analysis Approach
(By Coombs &
Metcalfe)
➤
Aims at helping students resolve moral dilemmas using rational thinking
and discussion.
🧩 7 Steps in Value Analysis
1. Presenting the Dilemma
➤
Introduce an issue using videos, stories, or real news events.
Example: “Your friend is shoplifting—what would you do?”
2. Identifying Value Conflict
➤
Discuss which values are at stake (e.g., honesty vs. loyalty).
3. Brainstorming Alternatives
➤
Let students suggest possible responses.
4. Predicting Consequences
➤
Discuss short-term vs. long-term results of each option.
5. Supporting with Evidence
➤
Use statistics, articles, and laws to support reasoning.
6. Evaluating Consequences
➤
Rate outcomes using a scale (−2 = harmful, +2 = beneficial).
7. Choosing Best Option
➤
Students choose a solution and justify their choice logically.
🛠️ Tools Used:
- Worksheets – For individual reflection.
- Group Discussions – For moral debate and
perspective-sharing.
2.3 Value
Clarification Approach
(By Raths, Harmin
& Simon)
➤
Helps students identify and clarify their personal values.
➤
Non-impositional approach – does not tell students what to believe.
💎 Based On:
- Humanistic Psychology – Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow
- Belief in self-exploration, free will,
and emotional growth.
🧰 7 Steps in Value Clarification
1. Choosing Freely
➤
Encourage independent choices.
Example: Selecting a school club without peer pressure.
2. Choosing from Alternatives
➤
More options allow authentic decisions.
3. Considering Consequences
➤
Discuss what might happen based on different choices.
4. Prizing and Cherishing
➤
Students feel proud and emotionally connected to their values.
5. Public Affirmation
➤
Share beliefs in public (e.g., class discussions, posters).
6. Acting on Values
➤
Turn beliefs into consistent behavior.
Example: Regularly helping others out of personal conviction.
7. Consistency (Repeating)
➤
Value-based actions become habits through practice.
✅ Benefits:
- Helps in self-awareness, decision-making,
and identity formation.
- Encourages respect for diverse
viewpoints and moral independence.
🧾 SUMMARY IN ONE LINE PER APPROACH
|
Approach |
Explanation |
Example |
|
✅ Basic Approaches |
Covers the 3 major styles –
Cognitive (thinking), Affective (feeling), Behavioural (doing) |
Dividing a class activity into
discussion, storytelling, and reward |
|
🧠 Cognitive Approach |
Helps students understand values
using logic and reasoning |
Ask: “Why is telling truth important
even if it’s difficult?” |
|
❤️ Affective Approach |
Focuses on students emotionally
experiencing and valuing goodness |
Story of a poor boy helped by a
stranger – creates empathy |
|
🙌 Behavioural Approach |
Builds value through repeated action
and reinforcement |
Awarding students who show
discipline consistently |
|
🔄 Integrated Approach |
Combines all three – thinking,
feeling, and acting |
Roleplay + story + discussion on
respecting elders |
|
🔍 Value Clarification Approach |
Helps students explore and clarify
their personal values |
Ask: “What do you value most –
friendship or honesty?” and explain why |
|
⚖️ Value Analysis Approach |
Encourages students to examine
social issues and moral dilemmas |
Debating: “Should mobile phones be
banned in school?” |
|
✨ Value Inculcation Approach |
Repeatedly teaches values with
rewards and punishments to make them permanent |
Morning prayer, school pledges,
honor system |
Conclusion:
Different approaches help students
learn values in different ways — some by teaching directly, some by encouraging
reflection, and some by letting them explore real-life situations. A good
teacher uses a mix of these to help children grow as responsible, ethical, and
value-based individual.
Related: "Check all videos of values and peace here"
Kirthi's Exam Insight:
"To score full marks on the Approaches to Value Development, you must emphasize the balanced view that 'Values are both taught and caught.' In your exam, clearly distinguish between the Value Analysis Approach (using logic to solve dilemmas) and the Value Clarification Approach (focusing on personal feelings and choices).
Presentation Tip: Use a table to summarize the cognitive, affective, and behavioral approaches as shown in these notes.
Topper's Secret: When explaining the 5-Step Process, highlight the final stage: 'Spontaneous Response.' Explaining that the ultimate goal of value education is to make ethical behavior 'natural and automatic' shows a deep psychological understanding that will help you secure the highest marks!"
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