Curriculum evaluation must be systematic, purposeful, and
guided by a sound framework. To address different purposes of evaluation,
educators and curriculum experts have developed various evaluation models
that provide structured approaches to assess curriculum quality and
effectiveness.
🔶 List of Major Curriculum Evaluation Models:
1. Tyler’s
Objective-Centered Model
2. Stake’s
Countenance (Congruence–Contingency) Model
3. Stufflebeam’s
CIPP Model
4. Scriven’s
Goal-Free Model
5. Hilda
Taba’s Grassroots Model
Here, we will discuss the following two models in
detail:
👉 Tyler’s Model
👉 Stake’s Countenance
Model
🔷 1. TYLER’S OBJECTIVE-CENTERED EVALUATION MODEL
📌 Proposed
by: Ralph Tyler (1949)
📗 Source:
"Basic Principles of Curriculum and Instruction"
🎯 Focus:
Tyler’s model emphasizes evaluating how far students have
achieved the predetermined instructional objectives. The evaluation is
objective-based and aims at improving teaching-learning outcomes.
🔁 Nature:
A linear model—follows a clear sequence:
📌 Objectives → Content →
Organization → Evaluation
📋 Key
Steps in Tyler’s Model:
1. Formulation
of Objectives
🔹 Define clear, specific,
and measurable learning objectives
🔹 Objectives should specify
both content and expected behavior of students
2. Identifying
Learning Situations
🔹 Identify situations or
experiences where students can demonstrate the expected behavior
🔹 Select suitable
teaching-learning activities that evoke desired responses
3. Selecting/Constructing
Evaluation Tools
🔹 Design valid, reliable,
and objective measurement tools
🔹 Tools must align with
learning objectives
4. Administering
Evaluation
🔹 Use tools to collect data
about student achievement
🔹 Collect both pre-test and
post-test data
5. Comparing
Results
🔹 Compare performance
before and after instruction
🔹 Determine the amount of
change/improvement
6. Analyzing
Results
🔹 Identify strengths and
weaknesses of curriculum
🔹 Find possible
explanations for these patterns
7. Modifying
Curriculum
🔹 Make appropriate changes
to the curriculum based on evaluation results
🔹 Revise instructional
methods and content as needed
✅ Advantages:
- ✔️ Simple, rational,
and easy to apply
- ✔️ Focuses on learning
outcomes and objective clarity
- ✔️ Encourages continuous
improvement
- ✔️ Helps to identify
curriculum strengths and weaknesses
❌ Limitations:
- ❌ Overemphasizes predetermined
objectives
- ❌ Ignores the instructional
process and learner experience
- ❌ No emphasis on formative
assessment
- ❌ Lacks provision for
evaluating the objectives themselves
🔷 2. STAKE’S COUNTENANCE (CONGRUENCE–CONTINGENCY) MODEL
📌 Proposed
by: Robert Stake
🧭 Key Focus: Comprehensive
evaluation using both description and judgment
📌 Purpose
of the Model:
- To
describe and judge curriculum from multiple perspectives
- To
analyze congruence between intended and actual outcomes
- To
include views of different stakeholders (teachers, learners,
parents, evaluators)
🔁 Structure
of the Model:
Stake divides evaluation into two phases and three
components:
✅ Phases
of Evaluation:
1. Descriptive
Phase – What was planned and what actually happened?
2. Judgmental
Phase – Are the outcomes congruent with what was intended?
✅
Components of Evaluation:
|
Component |
Description |
Example |
|
Antecedents |
The objectives, context, and resources available before
implementation |
Curriculum goals, learner background, teaching resources |
|
Transactions |
Actual learning experiences and interactions between teacher
and students |
Teaching methods, class participation |
|
Outcomes |
The results of the instructional process |
Learning achievements, behavioral changes |
📋 Steps in
Stake's Model:
1. Identify
Intentions (Antecedents)
🔹 Define learning
objectives clearly
🔹 Specify what outcomes are
expected
2. Define
Standards or Criteria
🔹 Establish benchmarks for
judging success
3. Observe
and Record Actual Events (Transactions)
🔹 Collect data on what
really happened during instruction
4. Observe
Outcomes
🔹 Assess what students
actually achieved
5. Compare
Intended vs. Observed
🔹 Analyze congruence
between expectations and actual results
6. Judgment
Based on Criteria
🔹 Make a value judgment
based on standards and collected data
✅ Advantages:
- ✔️ Evaluates both process
and product
- ✔️ Considers multiple
viewpoints—more democratic
- ✔️ Encourages both qualitative
and quantitative data collection
- ✔️ Flexible and
adaptable to different contexts
❌ Limitations:
- ❌ Complex and
resource-intensive
- ❌ May involve subjective
judgment
- ❌ Requires skilled
evaluators for meaningful implementation
📝 Summary Comparison of Both Models
|
Feature |
Tyler’s Model |
Stake’s Countenance Model |
|
📌 Focus |
Achievement of objectives |
Description + Judgment |
|
🔁 Nature |
Linear |
Flexible |
|
📚 Data
Used |
Quantitative |
Both Qualitative & Quantitative |
|
👥
Stakeholder Involvement |
Limited (mainly teachers, experts) |
Broad (teachers, learners, parents) |
|
🔍
Evaluation Type |
Mainly Summative |
Both Formative and Summative |
|
📉
Limitation |
Ignores instructional process |
Complex and subjective |
Kirthi's Exam Insight:
"To score full marks on Curriculum Evaluation Models, you must contrast Tyler’s linear Objective-Centered Model with Stake’s comprehensive Countenance Model.
Presentation Tip: Use a comparison table to highlight that Tyler focuses on quantitative outcomes, while Stake evaluates both the process (Transactions) and the results (Outcomes).
Topper’s Secret: For Stake’s model, always define the three specific components: Antecedents (the start), Transactions (the teaching), and Outcomes (the result). Highlighting the 'Congruence' between what was planned and what actually happened demonstrates an advanced understanding of evaluation that examiners highly value!"
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